3-Flop CDC Synchronizer

Verilog problems / Sequential Design

What you must build

A deeper 3-stage synchronizer for signals that need extra MTBF margin beyond the standard 2-flop chain.

Engineers use “3-Flop CDC Synchronizer” as a building block in sequential design. Interviewers ask for the same ports and the same corner cases this judge covers. Completing it in the browser is the same skill as writing synthesizable RTL at work, minus the EDA license.

Port contract

The judge instantiates exactly these ports. Extra ports or a different module name fail to elaborate.

How to approach this kata

This is a medium kata: you will need sequential logic or a small FSM. Decide what is registered versus combinational before you type. Reset polarity and clock edge must match the spec; the judge will fail you on the first mismatched cycle.

Hidden tests instantiate top_module, drive the ports, and compare every sample against a golden model. They do not grade coding style. They do grade X/Z, off-by-one counters, and ignoring enables. Sign in only when you want the run saved on the leaderboard — the specification below is public.

Starter shape

Copy this skeleton into the editor (or press Reset starter). Fill the body; do not rename the module.

module top_module(
  input  clk,
  input  rst,
  input  async_in,
  output reg sync_out
);

  // Your code here — 3 cascaded flops: meta1 <- async_in, meta2 <- meta1, sync_out <- meta2.

endmodule

Why this shows up in interviews

3-Flop CDC Synchronizer sits under Sequential Design (sequential, cdc). Concept: More synchronizer stages exponentially improve mean-time-between-failures at the cost of extra latency: meta1<=async_in; meta2<=meta1; sync_out<=meta2; gives 3 cycles of latency instead of 2. Stopping one stage short (using meta1 directly as the output) saves a cycle of latency but gives up the extra metastability margin — a real tradeoff, not just a bug.

A passing solution is synthesizable intent: no delays in the DUT, no initial blocks inside top_module, and no reference to testbench tasks. Use blocking assignments only in combinational always blocks; use non-blocking for registers clocked by clk.

Related problems

• D Flip-Flop with Asynchronous Reset — Standard D flip-flop with an active-low asynchronous reset. Reset clears q immediately, without waiting for a clock edge.
• 4-Bit Shift Register (SIPO) — Serial-in, parallel-out shift register. Each clock, shift left and load sin into the LSB. Sync active-high reset clears q.
• JK Flip-Flop — The flip-flop with no forbidden state: j=k=1 toggles instead of racing. Classic building block for counters.
• 4-Bit Up/Down Counter — A synchronous counter that increments or decrements each clock edge depending on a direction input, with a synchronous reset.

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